Dear Listers. Apparently Lloyd is having communications difficulties and Mary Beth resent his input, reproduced below. Because the formatting was corrupted I've reformatted it and with the permission of Mary Beth am resending it. Hope it works because his input is so valuable to us all. May I stress, the FROM address is mine, not Lloyd's. Reg. *******
from Lloyd W. Hanson DMA to Mary Beth..... Would it be asking too much to have you send the posting I am including below to the Vocalist. I am unable to post anything on this list for reasons I do not understand and I would like to be a part of the discussion.
It is helpful to keep in mind that the action of the vocal folds determines the sonic spectrum of the phonated sound. If the folds are thick, somewhat shortened, and internally tense as is found in chest voice, a greater mass of the vocal fold is oscillating during phonation. That is, the various defined areas of the vocal folds are all in some degree of oscillation. This includes the mucosal membrane, the vocal ligament, and the thyro-arytenoid muscles, sometimes called the vocalis muscle.
If the vocal folds are elongated they become less bulky and thinner. As this occurs, the vocalis muscle must gradually release its tension against the stretch of the crico-thyroid muscles. As this release is accomplished, the vocal ligament must assume more and more of the longitudinal tension support of the vocal folds in lieu of the loss of the vocalis muscles activity. In this condition, the mucosal membrane and the vocal ligaments are in oscillation.
This is commonly called the middle voice or, by some, the mixed voice.
Once the vocal ligament becomes the primary support for the vocal folds it is no longer a primary oscillating portion of the phonated sound. When this condition is achieved the primary oscillating portion of the vocal folds is the mucosal membrane.
This condition is most often called head voice or high voice.
An altogether different condition occurs with falsetto. In falsetto the vocal folds do not adduct or approximate as completely as in normal voice. More air is passed over the vocal folds with a resultant breathy quality that is characteristic of falsetto voice. Because the vocal folds do not complete-ly adduct there is less breath pressure below the folds, commonly called sub-glottal pressure. Although the mucosal area is still the primary oscillating portion of the vocal folds it is doing so without the complete closure of the vocal folds and the resultant sound does not achieve the richness of quality that is possible in head voice when there is complete closing and complete opening of the folds. Without complete closure or adducting, a fundamental and only a few overtones are produced as the air "leaks" past the vocal fold membranes and achieves only partial oscillation.
It is possible for any voice to create this quality by simply increasing the breath flow past the vocal folds. The difference between men and women in achieving this falsetto voice is that many men, especially the lower voices, can produce ONLY this voice in their upper ranges. This is because only in their upper extremes are the vocal folds sufficiently lengthened so that they can achieve the partial closure of long vocal folds necessary for falsetto voice.
Confusion exists when male voices are able to phonate in head voice into the highest parts of their ranges and these ranges coincide with the lower female ranges, and when they can do this with a quality that is much richer than falsetto. In reality these singers are capable of, or have learned to extend their head voice configuration. Vocal folds are fully adducted, the vocal ligament sustains the longitudinal tension of the vocal folds, and the mucosal membrane is the primary oscillatory portion of the vocal folds. Because the resultant sound in some ways resembles the quality of falsetto and because the pitch of such phonations is above the normal range a conclusion is made that the singer is using falsetto voice.
Such is not the case.
Many counter-tenors are capable of producing this extension of the head voiceconfiguration. Others achieve a similar quality through the use of the falsetto configuration. The difference is in the functional operation of the vocal folds themselves. As less adducted vocal folds phonated with increased breath emission (falsetto voice) are gradually completely adducted, the breath emission is reduced because the vocal folds become more efficient in obtaining complete closure and developing greater sub-glottal breath pressure. Once this condition is achieved, the singer has migrated from falsetto into true head voice. Many singers can teach themselves to do this, especially lyric tenors.
Then later:
In both of these quotes you have assumed that the length of the vocal fold is shortened by the terms used. However, another interpretation is that both writers are considering the edges of the vocal folds. That is, the fee borders are the mucosal membranes, not a shortened form of the vocal folds. When Brodnitz speaks of magins he means the edges of the vocal folds, not a shortened margin of the length of the vocal fold.
My earlier e-mail to you is a summary of the more recent research done by IngoTitze
Lloyd W. Hanson, DMA Professor of Voice, Vocal Pedagogy Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 86004
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